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		Aromatize:
		Aromatize is simply when Testosterone converts to estrogen. Aromatase is an enzyme that converts Testosterone into estrogen as its primary function. The more aromatase you have in your body, the more Testosterone to estrogen conversion you will have as well. In the case of aromatization, the body converts some of the exogenous (injected or swallowed, hormone from an outside source/steroids) into estrogen to try and keep a balance between male and female hormones in the body. Even male bodies have natural amounts of the female hormones estrogen and progesterone. The male body does not have natural amounts of hundreds and in some cases thousands of milligrams of Testosterone floating around. The average male produces about 7mg per day. That is just under 50mg per week. The weakest injectable Testosterone you can find is 50mg/ml, and nobody uses it because it's too weak. So what happens when we put high levels of Testosterone into our bodies, estrogen goes up. The body likes balance. The average ratio of Testosterone to estrogen in a healthy male is 100:1. If estrogen levels increase yet stays in proportion to the increased Testosterone levels, most males don't have to worry too much, well some males are sensitive and produce higher levels of estrogen (sensitive males should take Noladex everyday throughout the steroid cycle, sensitive males will feel tenderness or/and soreness in both or one nipple during their steroid cycle). After a steroid cycle is completed Testosterone levels start to drop and estrogen levels stay high, this is when males start to take on feminine characteristics, gynocomastia / female breasts (some males not all), muscle loss, water retension, body fat, and bloating. Nolvadex is an anti-estrogen and will block estrogen in the body. The reason why Testosterone levels drop and estrogen levels stay high after completing a steroid cycle, is because of the high levels of Testosterone in your body during the steroid cycle. This stops or slows the bodies own natural production of Testosterone. After completing a steroid cycle it can take anywhere from 1 month to years before the body will restore it's own natural production of Testosterone to normal. After a cycle taking Clomid will restart the bodies natural Testosterone production. Steroids such as Anabol (methandrostenolone), Testosterone-E/C/P and Sustanon are high in converting Testosterone into estrogen (high aromatizing qualities). Steroids with 17-alkylated structures such as Trenbolone and Deca generally convert into weaker estrogens such as progesterone. Steroids such as Winstol, Deca, Primobolan, Trenbolone, Anavar, etc... are known as fat-loss anabolics this is simply due to the fact that they have little to no aromatizing qualities.
		DHT Conversion (Dihydrotestosterone):
		DHT stands for dihydrotestosterone. The main androgen secreted by the testes is of course testosterone. However, in most of the body, the androgenic signal is not carried through by testosterone. In these tissues, which include the brain (CNS), skin, genitals – practically everything but muscle – the active androgen is actually DHT. Testosterone in this case simply acts as a prohormone that is converted to the active androgen DHT by the action of the enzyme 5alpha reductase (5-AR). 5-AR is concentrated heavily in practically every androgen dependent area of the body except for skeletal muscle. This results in very little testosterone actually getting through to these parts of the body to bind to androgen receptors. Instead, it is quickly transformed into DHT, which then interacts with receptors. This transformation serves a very important biological function in these tissues. You see, DHT is a much stronger androgen than testosterone – it binds about 3-5 times more strongly to the androgen receptor. If you took away 5-AR from these tissues and blocked the formation of DHT, then you would see some dramatic changes in physiology. A good case in point is demonstrated in male pseudohermaphroditism due to congenital 5-AR deficiency. This is a relatively rare disorder, however it is actually quite common in the Dominican Republic. In this disorder, males are born with little or no 5-AR enzyme. They have ambiguous genitalia and are often raised as girls. When puberty occurs, their testosterone levels elevate normally although their DHT levels remain very low. Their musculature develops normally like that of other adults, however, they end up with little or no pubic / body hair and underdeveloped prostate and penis. Their libido and sexual function is often disrupted. Testosterone is the active androgen in muscle. Skeletal muscle is unique from other androgen dependent tissues in the body. It actually contains little or no 5-AR, so little or no DHT is actually formed in the muscle. In addition to this, any DHT that is formed, or that is already present in the blood and travels to the muscle, is quickly deactivated by an enzyme called 3alpha-hydroxysteroid reductase (3a-HSD). So at least as far as muscle is concerned, testosterone is the primary active androgen. This is not to say that administering exogenous DHT is not without any anabolic effect. It actually does have some anabolic activity in the muscle, albeit significantly weaker than that of an equal amount of testosterone. This is due to its quick breakdown by 3a-HSD into the weak metabolite 5alpha-androstan-3a,17b-diol. If this enzyme were somehow blocked, it is likely that DHT would exhibit very potent anabolic effects on muscle. It is important to understand that even though testosterone is the active androgen in muscle, and DHT exhibits relatively little direct anabolic effects on muscle in men, DHT is still very important for the full performance enhancement effects from testosterone. What I specifically mean here are the effects of DHT on the central nervous system, which lead to increased neurological efficiency (strength), and increased resistance to psychological and physical stress - not to mention optimal sexual function and libido. I have heard several anecdotal reports of individuals who have stacked testosterone with Proscar (a 5-AR inhibitor) and have noticed significantly reduced performance enhancement effects. What’s going on here? We know it couldn’t be due to the inhibition of the direct anabolic activity of testosterone on muscle anabolism. Most likely it is due to the reduction of androgenic effects in other parts of the body that contribute to the ergogenic effects, specifically the CNS, which is stimulated by androgens to increase neural output leading to greater strength and greater recoverability. Another possibility is a reduction in the production of androgen dependent liver growth factors (such as IGF-1), since DHT is an important androgen in the liver. Anti - Estrogen effects of DHT One important function of DHT in the body that does not get much discussion is its antagonism of estrogen. Some men that take Finasteride learn this the hard way – by developing a case of gynecomastia. By reducing DHT’s protection against estrogen in the body, these men have fallen victim to its most dreaded ramification – female breasts. How does DHT protect against estrogen? There are at least three ways that this likely occurs. First of all, DHT directly inhibits estrogens activity on tissues. It either does this by acting as a competitive antagonist to the estrogen receptor or by decreasing estrogen-induced RNA transcription at a point subsequent to estrogen receptor binding. Second of all, DHT and its metabolites have been shown to directly block the production of estrogens from androgens by inhibiting the activity of the aromatase enzyme. The studies done in breast tissue showed that DHT, androsterone, and 5alpha-androstandione are potent inhibitors of the formation of estrone from androstenedione. 5alpha-androstandione was shown to be the most potent, while androsterone was the least. Lastly, DHT acts on the hypothalamus / pituitary to decrease the secretion of gonadotropins. By decreasing the secretion of gonadotropins you decrease the production of the raw materials for estrogen production – testosterone and androstenedione (DHT itself cannot aromatize into estrogens).
		PCT (Post Cycle Theraphy):
		Post cycle therapy is a method of employing drugs which work via various mechanisms to go about trying to aid stabilising and restoring a users hormones back to normal once a suppressive anabolic androgenic steroid cycle has been ceased. Once a user has ceased use of anabolic androgenic steroids they are left in a situation where their natural testosterone production has been suppressed , sometimes severely by androgens and aromatising drugs. Add this onto the fact the levels of steroids are forever diminishing in their system, this can leave the user in a very catabolic state post cycle, which may reflect in their ability to maintain muscle mass gained whilst on cycle. It is therefore easy to conclude that we would like to find a way to restore ones natural testosterone production to bring about a better environment for overall health and to maintain muscle tissue. Clomid (Clomiphene citrate), and Nolvadex (Tamoxifen), can be employed post cycle to aid restoring the users natural testosterone production. With both abilities to block oestrogen at the hypothalamus and pituitary, thus ceasing negative feedback inhibition, we have drugs that can successfully increase FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) and LH (luteinizing hormone) in the male body. Increased LH can help to stimulate the Leydig's cells in the testes to produce more testosterone. Many find just using nolvadex on its own post cycle is efficient enough to recover from their anabolic androgenic steroid cycles. Some however prefer to use both drugs to cover all angles. It is worth noting nolvadex is more profound in stimulating the increase of LH over time, on a milligram to milligram standpoint compared to that of clomid. Also many users complain of side effects from clomid such as visual implications and mood swings. When analysing the methods in which both drugs work to bring about raises in natural testosterone production it is easy to conclude some old-school approaches are flawed. Many users would use a burst of clomid mid cycle in the hope of it causing an increase in testosterone production to minimise shut down. The only use of clomid during use of a heavy androgenic cycle is as an anti-oestrogen, as the heighten levels of androgen will cause a feedback to the testes to cease production of testosterone. Therefore, if androgen levels are high clomid will do very little in aiding production of natural testosterone. It will be a lot more effective starting a PCT protocol when the androgen levels of the steroids drop, and this will be dependant on the half life of the compounds the user used during their cycle.